HOW TO MEASURE THE WELL-BEING OF A NATION: A NEW PROPOSAL BASED ON A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH

Roberto Daffinà

doi:10.32435/envsmoke-2024-0008

Autores

Roberto Daffinà Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), Rome, Italy https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8851-590X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32435/envsmoke-2024-0008

Palavras-chave:

Dimensão econômica, Ambiental, Países virtuosos, Produto Interno Bruto, Bem-estar social, Desenvolvimento sustentável, Economia circular

Resumo

Medir o bem-estar de uma nação significa identificar todas as ferramentas que permitem que seus indivíduos vivam bem sem piorar a vida de seus vizinhos ou daqueles que virão no futuro. Por muitos anos, o foco tem sido apenas na dimensão econômica, criando problemas críticos nas esferas social e ambiental que levarão anos e grandes investimentos para serem remediados. Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral das medidas usadas ao longo dos anos no cenário internacional por órgãos reconhecidos e respeitados. A aplicação desses indicadores às realidades dos países possibilitou a identificação de modelos a serem seguidos para permitir o crescimento do bem-estar das sociedades como um todo.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Roberto Daffinà, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), Rome, Italy

Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), Rome, Italy

Referências

BLOCK, S.; EMERSON, J.W.; ESTY, D.C.; De SHERBININ, A.; WENDLING, Z.A., et al. 2024 Environmental Performance Index. New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, 2024. Available from: http://epi.yale.edu/downloads/2024-epi-report.pdf

BUTERA, F.M. Affrontare la complessità: Per governare la transizione ecologica. Milan: Edizioni Ambiente, 2021. Available from: https://www.edizioniambiente.it/catalogo/affrontare-la-complessita. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

CARSON, C.S. The history of the United States national income and product accounts: the development of an analytical tool. Review of Income and Wealth, v. 21, n. 2, p. 153-181, 1975. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00687.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00687.x

CASTELLUCCI, L. Lezioni di economia delle risorse naturali. Bologna: Società Editrice Esculapio, 2021. Available from: https://www.editrice-esculapio.com/. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

CHELLI, F.M.; CIOMMI, M.; GIGLIARANO, C. The index of sustainable economic welfare: A comparison of two Italian regions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 81, p. 443-448, 2013. Part of the 1st World Congress of Administrative & Political Sciences (ADPOL-2012). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.457

CNEL (Consiglio Nazionale dell’Economia e del Lavoro). Indicatori per lo sviluppo sostenibile in Italia – Rapporto Finale. Rome: CNEL, 2005. Available from: https://www.mef.gov.it/export/sites/MEF/ministero/commissioni/ccba/documenti/CNELx20Rapportox20Finalex20Indicatori.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

COHEN KAMINITZ, S. The significance of GDP: a new take on a century-old question. Journal of Economic Methodology, v. 30, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2023.2167228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2023.2167228

COSCIEME, L.; MORTENSEN, L.F.; ANDERSON, S.; WARD, J.; DONOHUE, I.; SUTTON, P.C. Going beyond Gross Domestic Product as an indicator to bring coherence to the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 248, art. 119232, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119232

COSTANZA, R.; HART, M.; KUBISZEWSKI, I.; POSNER, S.; TALBERTH, J. Lessons from the history of GDP in the effort to create better indicators of prosperity, well-being, and happiness. In: BELL, S.; MORSE, S. Routledge Handbook of Sustainability Indicators. London: Taylor and Francis, 2018. p. 117-123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315561103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315561103-7

COYLE, D. GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History. Revised and expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. Available from: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691169859/gdp?srsltid=AfmBOorSH-evhEekTlfnWYHEMT9BMv4jG4HLIHx7uIbZavjmcvYpyHfl. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

DEATON, A. Income, health, and well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic perspectives, v. 22, n. 2, p. 53-72, 2008.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.53 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.53

DELSIGNORE, G.; AGUILAR-LATORRE, A.; GARCIA-RUIZ, P.; OLIVÁN-BLÁZQUEZ, B. Measuring happiness for social policy evaluation: a multidimensional index of happiness. Sociological Spectrum, v. 43, n. 1, p. 16–30, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2022.2163444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2022.2163444

FELICI, F.; GAWRONSKI, P.G.; LAMBIASE, F.; LOIERO, R.; SOLIPACA, A. Il benessere equo e sostenibile: Aspetti teorici, empirici e istituzionali. Senato della Repubblica: Rome, Documento di Analisi n.12, Ufficio Valutazione Impatto, 2018. Available from: https://elearning.unite.it/pluginfile.php/216942/mod_resource/content/2/Il_benessere_equo_e_sostenibile_Dossier.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

FIORAMONTI, L. Presi per il PIL: Tutta la verità sul numero più potente del mondo. Rome: L'asino d'oro edizioni, 2017. Available from: https://lasinodoroedizioni.it/catalogo/le-api/presi-per-il-pil/. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

FIORAMONTI, L. Il mondo dopo il PIL: Economia e politica nell'era della post-crescita. Milan: Edizioni Ambiente, 2019. Available from: https://www.edizioniambiente.it/catalogo/il-mondo-dopo-il-pil. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

HANDOYO, A.; ISNADI, Y. The insignificance of GDP growth rate to people’s welfare: a political economy analysis of China’s impressive GDP. Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, v. 13, n. 2, p. 217-232, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v13i2.10424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v13i2.10424

HECHT, J. National environmental accounting: Bridging the gap between ecology and economy. Routledge: New York, 2005.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781936331369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781936331369

HICKEL, J. The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological Economics, v. 167, art. 106331, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.011

ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica). Il benessere equo e sostenibile in Italia, Rapporto Bes 2021. ISTAT: Rome, 2022. Available from: https://www.istat.it/produzione-editoriale/rapporto-bes-2021-il-benessere-equo-e-sostenibile-in-italia/. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

KARUNANITHI, K.; BUI, W.K.T.; TAN, H.C. Green gross domestic product: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainable Development, p. 1-12, 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3006

KUBISZEWSKI, I.; COSTANZA, R.; FRANCO, C.; LAWN, P.; TALBERTH, J.; JACKSON, T.; AYLMER, C. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress. Ecological Economics, v. 93, p. 57-68, 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019

LIBÓRIO, M. P.; MARTINUCI, O.S.; MACHADO, A.M.C.; MACHADO-COELHO, T.M.; LAUDARES, S.; BERNARDES, P. Principal component analysis applied to multidimensional social indicators longitudinal studies: limitations and possibilities. GeoJournal, v. 87, p. 1453-1468, 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10322-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10322-0

MANAGI, S.; CHEN, S.; KUMAR, P.; DASGUPTA, P. Sustainable matrix beyond GDP: investment for inclusive growth. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, v. 11, art. 185, p. 1-10, 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02659-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02659-5

MOFFATT, I. Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecological Economics, v. 32, n. 3, p. 359-362, 2000. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00154-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00154-8

NORDHAUS, W.D.; TOBIN, J. Economic research: Retrospect and prospect. vol. 5, Economic growth. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1972. Available from: https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/economic-research-retrospect-and-prospect-volume-5-economic-growth. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). OECD Guidelines on measuring subjective well-being. OECD Publishing: Paris. 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264191655-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264191655-en

PURWANTO, H.; SISWAHADI, S. Paradigm of national income in Islamic economy. Syariati: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an dan Hukum, v. 7, n. 1, p. 93-102, 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32699/syariati.v7i1.1851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32699/syariati.v7i1.1851

ROCKSTRÖM, J.; WIJKMAN, A. Natura in bancarotta: Perché rispettare i confini del pianeta. Rapporto al Club di Roma. Milan: Edizioni Ambiente, 2014. Available from: https://www.wwf.it/pandanews/ambiente/club-di-roma-e-wwf-per-la-peccei-lecture-natura-in-bancarotta/. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

SAISANA, M.; PHILIPPAS, D. Sustainable Society Index (SSI): Taking societies’ pulse along social, environmental and economic issues. Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (Joint Research Centre), Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2788/6330

SEMIENIUK, G. Inconsistent definitions of GDP: Implications for estimates of decoupling. Ecological Economics, v. 215, art. 108000, 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108000

STIGLITZ, J.E.; FITOUSSI, J.-P.; DURAND, M. Misurare ciò che conta: Al di lá del PIL. Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 2021. Available from: https://www.einaudi.it/catalogo-libri/problemi-contemporanei/misurare-cio-che-conta-joseph-e-stiglitz-9788806249724/. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

STIGLITZ, J.E.; MARCHIONATTI, R. Principi di macroeconomia. Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1995. Available from: https://www.unilibro.it/libro/stiglitz-joseph-e-marchionatti-r-cur-/principi-di-macroeconomia/9788833955506?srsltid=AfmBOoq47A-qlILEpPJpsjqB11T9ErdkY51m0ZpU54nQqNrYsKAcXUNN. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

STIGLITZ, J.E.; SEN, A.; FITOUSSI, J.-P. Report by the Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Paris: OFCE (Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques), 2009. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/8131721/8131772/Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi-Commission-report.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

TØNNESSEN, M. Wasted GDP in the USA. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, v. 10, art. 681, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02210-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02210-y

UN (United Nations). System of National Accounts 2008 - 2008 SNA. New York: United Nations Statistics Division, 2009. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

UN (United Nations). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. New York: World Commission on Environment and Development, 2011 (First publication in 1987). Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

UN (United Nations). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting: Final Draf. New York: Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting, Statistics Division, 2021. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/52nd-session/documents/BG-3f-SEEA-EA_Final_draft-E.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

VANDERWEELE, T.J.; TRUDEL-FITZGERALD, C.; ALLIN, P.; et al. Current recommendations on the selection of measures for well-being. Preventive Medicine, v. 133, art. 106004, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106004

WACKERNAGEL, M.; REES, W. Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the Earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1996. Available from: https://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/footprint.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.

WANG, B.; CHEN, T. Social progress beyond GDP: A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of GDP and twelve alternative indicators. Sustainability, v. 14, n .11, art. 6430, 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116430

WEAll (WELLBEING ECONOMY ALLIANCE). For an economy in service of life. Available from: https://weall.org/. Accessed on: 10 Aug. 2024.

WENDLING, Z.A.; EMERSON, J.W.; De SHERBININ, A.; ETSY, D.C., et al. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21182.51529

WWF (World Wide Fund). Living Planet Report: Costruire una società nature-positive. 2022. Available from: https://www.wwf.it/uploads/WWF-LivingPlanetReport2022.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Jul. 2024.