FIXED OIL DERIVED FROM Caryocar coriaceum (PEQUI FRUIT) PREVENTS TISSUE AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INDUCED HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION ORIGINATING FROM BIOMASS

Allison Matias de Sousa; Fladimir de Lima Gondim; Gilvan Ribeiro dos Santos; Marcelle Ferreira Moura; Ruth Mesquita Ferreira; Daniel Silveira Serra; Antônia Torres Ávila Pimenta; Mona Lisa Moura de Oliveira; Francisco Sales Ávila Cavalcante

doi:10.32435/envsmoke-2023-0019

Authors

Allison Matias de Sousa State University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-9823
Fladimir de Lima Gondim Federal University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3702-1003
Gilvan Ribeiro dos Santos Federal University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7879-0633
Marcelle Ferreira Moura Federal University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-9050
Ruth Mesquita Ferreira State University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-5309
Daniel Silveira Serra State University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5172-5824
Antônia Torres Ávila Pimenta Federal University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-0363
Mona Lisa Moura de Oliveira State University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-4134
Francisco Sales Ávila Cavalcante State University of Ceará https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-8119

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32435/envsmoke-2023-0019

Keywords:

Caryocar coriaceum, Pequi, Biomass, Household air, Indoor pollution, Asthma, Respiratory mechanics

Abstract

The reuse of biomass residue can be in different ways, such as pellets obtained through the compaction of green coconut shell. Despite the advantages, studies relate the burning of biomass as the main source of household air pollution. Indoor pollution is also correlated with serious consequences for groups considered at risk, such as asthmatics. As a result, the population is looking for alternative and low-cost treatments through natural products with anti-inflammatory characteristics, such as the fixed oil of Caryocar coriaceum (CC). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of oral CC ingestion on the respiratory system of mice submitted to a model of chronic exposure to smoke from the combustion of coconut shell pellets (CSP) and submitted to the OVA-induced asthma model. We performed analysis of the gaseous composition in the exposure chamber and analyzes of different aspects of the respiratory system. CC could prevent inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar collapse. Furthermore, it was able to avoid changes in the airway resistance, tissue resistance, elastance, compliance and inspiratory capacity. Our findings demonstrate the effects of long-term exposure to indoor pollution and suggest that dietary intake of CC may be a strategy to prevent respiratory diseases.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Allison Matias de Sousa, State University of Ceará

Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, State University of Ceará, CEP: 60714-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Fladimir de Lima Gondim, Federal University of Ceará

Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Federal University of Ceará, CEP: 60.440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Gilvan Ribeiro dos Santos, Federal University of Ceará

Departamento de Física, Federal University of Ceará, CEP: 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Marcelle Ferreira Moura, Federal University of Ceará

Departamento de Física, Federal University of Ceará, CEP: 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Ruth Mesquita Ferreira, State University of Ceará

Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, State University of Ceará, CEP: 60741-000, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Daniel Silveira Serra, State University of Ceará

Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, State University of Ceará, CEP: 60741-000, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Antônia Torres Ávila Pimenta, Federal University of Ceará

Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Federal University of Ceará, CEP: 60.440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Mona Lisa Moura de Oliveira, State University of Ceará

Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, State University of Ceará, CEP: 60741-000, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Francisco Sales Ávila Cavalcante, State University of Ceará

Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, State University of Ceará, CEP: 60741-000, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

References

ARBEX, M.A.; SANTOS, U.P.; MARTINS, L.C.; SALDIVA, P.H.N., PEREIRA, L.A.A.; BRAGA, A.L.F. Air pollution and the respiratory system [A poluição do ar e o sistema respiratório]. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, v. 38, n. 5, p. 643-655, 2012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132012000500015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132012000500015

BALCAN, B.; AKA, S.; UGURL, A.O.; HANDEMIR, B.O.; CEYHAN, B.B.; OZKAYA, S. Effects of biomass smoke on pulmonary functions: a case control study. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1615-1622, 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S109056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S109056

BATES, J.H.; RINCON, M.; IRVIN, C.G. Animal models of athma. International Journal of Scientific Research. Physiol, v. 297, p.401–410. 2009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00027.2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00027.2009

CANÇADO, J.E.D.; BRAGA, A.; PEREIRA, L.A.A.; ARBEX, M.A., SALDIVA, P. H.N.; SANTOS, U.P. Clinical Repercussions of Exposure to Air Pollution. Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology, v. 32, p. S5-S11, 2006. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000800003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000800003

CAPISTRANO, S.J.; VAN REYK, D.; CHEN, H.; OLIVER, B.G. Evidence of biomass smoke exposure as a causative factor for the development of COPD. Toxics, v. 5, n. 4, p. 36, 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040036

COLOMBO, N.B.R.; RANGEL, M.P.; MARTINS, V.; HAGE, M.; GELAIN, D.P.; BARBEIRO, D.F.; GRISOLIA, C.K.; PARRA, E.R.; CAPELOZZI, V.L. Caryocar brasiliense camb protects against genomic and oxidative damage in urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v. 48, n. 9, p. 852-862, 2015. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20154467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20154467

COUTINHO, D.S.; PIRES, J.; GOMES, H.; POHLMANN, A.R.; GUTERRES, S.S.; SILVA, P.M.R.; MARTINS, M.A.; FERRARINI, E.R.; BERNARDI, A. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess)-loaded nanoemulsion, orally delivered, modulates inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. Pharmaceutics, v. 12, n. 11, article 1075, p. 1-17, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111075

DI, Q.; WANG, Y.; ZANOBETTI, A.; WANG, Y.; KOUTRAKIS, C.; CHOIRAT, C.; DOMINICI, F.; SCHWARTZ, J.D. Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 376, n. 26, p. 2513-2522, 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747

DIPASQUALE, D.; BASIRICÒ, L.; MORERA, P.; PRIMI, R.; TRÖSCHER, A.; BERNABUCCI, U. Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and essential fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Animal, v. 12, n. 10, p. 2108-2114, 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117003676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117003676

FISHER, S.; BELLINGER, D.C.; CROPPER, M.L.; KUMAR, P.; BINAGWAHO, A.; KOUDENOUKPO, J.B.; PARK, Y.; TAGHIAN, G.; LANDRIGAN, P.J. Air pollution and development in Africa: impacts on health, the economy, and human capital. The Lancet Planetary Health, v. 5, n. 10, p. e681-e688, 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00201-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00201-1

FULLER, R.; LANDRIGAN, P.J.; BALAKRISHNAN, K.; BATHAN, G.; BOSE-O’REILLY, S.; BRAUER, M.; CARAVANOS, J., CHILES, T.; COHEN, A.; CORRA, L.; CROPPER, M.; FERRARO, G.; HANNA, J.; HANRAHAN, D.; HU, H.; HUNTER, D.; JANATA, G.; KUPKA, R.; LANPHEAR, B.; LICHTVELD, M.; MARTIN, K.; MUSTAPHA, A.; SANCHEZ-TRIANA, E.; SANDILYA, K.; SCHAEFLI, L.; SHAW, J.; SEDDON, J.; SUK, W.; TÉLLEZ-ROJO, M.M.; YAN, C. Pollution and health: a progress update. The Lancet Planetary Health. v. 6, p. e535-e547, 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0

GONDIM, F.L.; LIMA, Y.C.; MELO, P.O.; SANTOS, G.R.; SERRA, D.S.; ARAÚJO, R.S.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.M.; LIMA, C.C.; CAVALCANTE, F.S.Á. Exposure to PM4.0 from the combustion of cashew nuts shell in the respiratory system of mice previously exposed to cigarette smoke. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, v. 8, n. 4, p. 16762-16769, 2017. Available from: http://recentscientific.com/exposure-pm40-combustion-cashew-nuts-shell-respiratory-system-mice-previously-exposed-cigarette-smok. Accessed on: 15 May 2023.

GONDIM, F.L.; MOURA, M.F.; SOUSA, A.M.; FERREIRA, R.M.; SERRA, D.S.; LIMA, M.A.S.; PIMENTA, A.T.A..; ZIN, W.A.; CAVALCANTE, F.S.A. Effects of centipedic acid on acute lung injury: A dose-response study in a murine model. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, v. 310, article 103988, p. 1-8, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2022.103988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2022.103988

GORDON, J.N.; BILSBACK, K.R, FIDDLER, M.N.; POKHREL, R.P.; FISCHER, E.V.; PIERCE, J.R.; BILILIGN, S. The effects of trash, residential biofuel, and open biomass burning emissions on local and transported PM2. 5 and its attributed mortality in Africa. GeoHealth, v. 7, n. 2, article e2022GH000673, p. 1-14, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000673

GOZZELINO, R.; JENEY, V.; SOARES, M.P. Mechanisms of cell protection by heme oxygenase-1. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, v. 50, p. 323-354, 2010 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105600

HANTOS, Z.; DAROCZY, B.; SUKI, B.; NAGY, S.; FREDBERG, J.J. Input impedance and peripheral inhomogeneity of dog lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 72, n. 1, p. 168–178, 1992. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.168

HASAN, M.; TASFINA, S.; HAQUE, S.R.; RAHMAN, S.U.; KHALEQUZZAMAN, M.; BARI, W.; ISLAM, S.S. Association of biomass fuel smoke with respiratory symptoms among children under 5 years of age in urban areas: results from Bangladesh Urban Health Survey, 2013. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, v. 24, n. 1, 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0827-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0827-3

IDAVAIN, J.; JULGE, K.; REBANE, T.; LANG, A.; ORRU, H. Respiratory symptoms, asthma and levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in schoolchildren in the industrial areas of Estonia. Science of the Total Environment, v. 650, p. 65-72, 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.391

KNUDSEN, L.; WEIBEL, E.R.; GUNDERSEN, H.J.G.; WEINTEIN, F.V.; OCHS, M. Assessment of air space size characteristics by intercept (chord) measurement: an accurate and efficient stereological approach. Journal of applied Physiology, v. 108, p. 412-421, 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01100.2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01100.2009

MARAIS, E.A.; WIEDINMYER, C. Air quality impact of diffuse and inefficient combustion emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa). Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, p. 10739-10745, 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02602

MARTIN, J.G.; DUGUET, A.; EIDELMAN, H. The contribution of airway smooth muscle to airway narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness in disease. European Respiratory Journal, v. 16, p. 349-354, 2000. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16b25.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16b25.x

MATOS, F.J.A. Plantas medicinais: guia de seleção e emprego de plantas usadas em fitoterapia no Nordeste do Brasil. Fortaleza. Imprensa Universitária. 2007. Available from: https://imprensa.ufc.br/pt/plantas-medicinais-guia-de-selecao-e-emprego-de-plantas-usadas-em-fitoterapia-no-nordeste-do-brasil-3a-edicao/. Accessed on: 7 Feb. 2023.

MULENGA, D.; SIZIYA, S. Indoor air pollution related respiratory ill health, a sequel of biomass use. SciMedicine Journal, v. 1, p. 30-37, 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.28991/SciMedJ-2019-0101-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/SciMedJ-2019-0101-5

NASCIMENTO, W.M.; MAIA FILHO, A.L.M.; DA COSTA, C.L.S.; MARTINS, M.; ARAUJO, K.S. Study of skin healing resistance in rats treated with pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense). ConScientiae Saúde, v. 14, p 449-455. 2015. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v14n3.5467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v14n3.5467

NI, L.; JIE, X.; WANG, P.; LI, S.; WANG, G.; LI, Y.; LI, Y.; ACHARYA, K. Effect of linoleic acid sustained-release microspheres on Microcystis aeruginosa antioxidant enzymes activity and microcystins production and release. Chemosphere, v. 121, p. 110-116. 2015. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.056

PARREIRA, C.; RODRIGUES, A.M.; GUALDI, L.P.; CAO, R.G.; SOUZA, R.G.; PEREIRA, A.C.; NUÑEZ, N.K.; SCHLEICH, A.; VARGAS, M.H.; PITREZ, P.M. New alternatives for protocols with murine models of asthma. Scientia Medica, v. 22, p. 71-80. 2012. Available from: https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/index.php/scientiamedica/article/view/10785. Accessed on: 08 Feb. 2023.

RAJ, T. J. Altered lung function test in asymptomatic women using biomass fuel for cooking. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. v. 8, n. 10, p. BC01 –BC03. 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2014/7253.4917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/7253.4917

REHFUESS, E.; MEHTA, S.; PRÜSS-ÜSTÜN, A. Assessing household solid fuel use: multiple implications for the millennium development goals. Environmental Health Perspectives. v. 114, p. 373–378. 2006. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8603

ROVIRA, E.; CUADRAS, A.; AGUILAR, X.; ESTEBAN, L.; BORRÁS-SANTOS, A.; ZOCK, J.P.; SUNYER, J. Asthma, respiratory symptoms and lung function in children living near a petrochemical site. Environmental Research, v. 133, p. 156-163, 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.022

SALAZAR, E.; KNOWLES, J.H. An analysis of pressure-volume characteristics of the lungs. Journal of applied physiology, v.19, p.97-104, 1964. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1964.19.1.97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1964.19.1.97

SANTOS, G.R.; SOUSA, A. M.; LIMA, B.K.; MOREIRA, F.L.; GONDIM, F.L.; SILVA, G.M.; RATTS, M.G.; SERRA, D.S.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.; CAVALCANTE, F.S. Combustion of pellets produced from the powders of coconut and cashew nut shells: Chemical, thermal and emission analyses. Waste Management & Research, v. 40, p. 420-428, 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20983417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20983417

SENA, D.M; RODRIGUES, F.F.; FREIRE, P.T.; LIMA, S.G.; HENRIQUE, D.M.; JUAN, C.L.C.; COSTA, J.G.M. Physicochemical and spectroscopical investigation of Pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.) pulp oil. Grasas Aceites, v. 61, p. 191-196. 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.105909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.105909

SERRA, D.S.; BRITO, K.B.P.D.; OLIVEIRA, K.L.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.M.; CAVALCANTE, F.S.Á. Respiratory system of rats exposed to pollutants arising out of heating residual glycerol. Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications, v. 7, n. 1, article 1000220, p. 1-4, 2017. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313812388_Respiratory_System_of_Rats_Exposed_to_Pollutants_arising_out_of_Heating_Residual_Glycerol. Accessed on: 15 Feb. 2023.

SERRA, D.S.; ESCOSSIO, A.P.; SILVA, G.M.; BRASIL, P.F.; ARAÚJO, R.S.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.M.; LEAL-CARDOSO, J.H.; CAVALCANTE, F.S.Á. Total particulate matter from combustion of cashew nut shell exacerbates lung injury in ova-induced asthma model. International Journal of Development Research, v. 8, p. 19400-19409. 2018. Available from: https://www.journalijdr.com/total-particulate-matter-combustion-cashew-nut-shell-exacerbates-lung-injury-ova-induced-asthma. Accessed on: 30 Feb. 2023.

SERRA, D.S.; SOUSA, M.; SILVA ANDRADE, L.C.; GONDIM, F.L.; SANTOS, J.E.Á.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.M.; PIMENTA, A.T.Á. Effects of fixed oil of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. seeds on the respiratory system of rats in a short-term secondhand-smoke exposure model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 252, article 112633, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112633

SERRA, D.S.; ARAUJO, R.S.; OLIVEIRA, M.L.M.; CAVALCANTE, F.S.A.; LEAL-CARDOSO, J.H. Lung injury caused by occupational exposure to particles from the industrial combustion of cashew nut shells: a mice model. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, v. 76, p. 1-11. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2020.1726269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2020.1726269

SILVA, M.A.P.; MEDEIROS FILHO, S. Pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) seedling emergence. Ciência Agronômica Journal, v. 37, n. 3, p. 381-385, 2006. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=195320533022. Accessed on: 30 Feb. 2023.

SILVEIRA, M.S. Aproveitamento das cascas de coco verde para produção de briquete em Salvador – BA. 2008. 163 p. MSc Thesis (Master's Degree in Environmental Management and Technologies in the Production Process — Emphasis on Clean Production [Gerenciamento e Tecnologias Ambientais no Processo Produtivo — Ênfase em Produção Limpa]) — Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 2008. Available from: https://www.yumpu.com/pt/document/view/38328673/aproveitamento-das-cascas-de-coco-verde-para-producao-teclim. Accessed on: 25 May 2023.

STAPLETON, E.M.; PULIYAKOTE, A.K; METWALI, N.; JERONIMO, M.; THORNELL, I.M.; MANGES, R.B.; BILAS, M.; BATCHA, M.A.K.; SEENIAPPAN KUMARAVEL, M.; DURAIRAJ, K.; KARUPPUSAMY, K.; KATHIRESAN, G.; ABDUL RAHIM, S.; SHANMUGAM, K.; THORNE, P.S.; PETERS, T.M.; HOFFMAN, E.A.; COMELLAS, A.P. Lung function of primary cooks using LPG or biomass and the effect of particulate matter on airway epithelial barrier integrity. Environmental Research, v. 189, 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109888

TAVARES S.R.L.; TAVARES M.A.M.E. Perspectives for Brazil's participation in the international pellet market. Holos, v. 5, p. 292-306, 2015. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2015.2662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2015.2662

TESFAIGZI, Y.; SINGH, S.P.; FOSTER, J.E.; KUBATKO, J.; BARR, E.B.; FINE, P.M.; McDONALD, J.D.; HAHN, F.F.; MAUDERLY, J.L. Health effects of subchronic exposure to low levels of wood smoke in rats. Toxicological Sciences, v. 65, p. 115-125, 2002. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/65.1.115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/65.1.115

TOMIOTTO-PELLISSIER, F.; ALVES, D.R.; MIRANDA-SAPLA, M.M.; MORIAS, S.M.; ASSOLINI, J.P.; BORTOLETI, B.T.S.; GONÇALVES, M.D.; CATANEO, A.H. D.; KIAN, D.; MADEIRA, T.B.; YAMAUCHI, L.M.; NIXDORF, S.L.; COSTA, I.N.; COSTA, I.C.; PAVANELLI, W.R. Caryocar coriaceum extracts exert leishmanicidal effect acting in promastigote forms by apoptosis-like mechanism and intracellular amastigotes by Nrf2/HO-1/ferritin dependent response and iron depletion: Leishmanicidal effect of Caryocar coriaceum leaf exracts. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, v. 98, p. 662-672, 2018.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.083

WAGERS, S.; LUNDBLAD, L.; MORIYA, H.T.; BATES, J.H.; IRVIN, C.G. Nonlinearity of respiratory mechanics during bronchoconstriction in mice with airway inflammation. Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 92, n. 5, p. 1802-1807, 2002. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00883.2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00883.2001

WHO ‒ WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Air quality and health. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health. Accessed on: 25 May 2023.