Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 15-18, August 2022
Doi: https://doi.org/10.32435/envsmoke.20225215-18
Environmental Smoke, e-ISSN:
2595-5527
“Science, current events and
its challenges”
Full
Article:
SURGICAL REPORT:
PARTIAL BILATERAL MASTECTOMY AND CASTRATION IN A DOG
Grazielly
Diniz Duarte1* (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-2590); Gil Dutra Furtado2 (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5611-4814); Martin Lindsey Christoffersen3 (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-1938)
1Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine,
University Center Maurício de Nassau (UNINASSAU-PB), João Pessoa, Paraíba,
Brazil
2Agronomist/Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); Doctor in
Psychobiology/Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN); Agronomist-Partner
of the Agribusiness Cooperative (COOPAGRO), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
3Full Professor, Department of Systematics and Ecology (DSE), Center of
Exact and Nature Sciences (CCEN), Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa,
Paraíba, Brazil
*Corresponding author: grazielly_jp@hotmail.com
Submitted
on: 31 Jul. 2022
Accepted
on: 18 Aug. 2022
Published
on: 31 Aug. 2022
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The surgical performance in animal patients
affected by carcinoma is justified by the search for the subjects
quality of life. Surgical intervention is possible due to the current technical
quality now available for veterinarians. Since carcinoma is a pathology, often
of rapid evolution, the readiness to carry out the a
surgical intervention as soon as possible is confirmed. In the specialized
literature, castration also aims to minimize the occurrence of this pathology,
being therefore indicated for tutors. This report covers a reality that is
quite common within current veterinary medicine, where the patient is subjected
to a partial mastectomy that involves castration. We conclude by establishing
the importance that veterinary medical professionals have in maintaining animal
welfare and the importance of trusting tutors when their PETs become subject to
pathologies.
Keywords:
Mastectomy. Castration. Animal welfare.
1 Introduction
For animal patients
affected by several types of carcinomas, surgical intervention is presently
recommended. The importance of submitting PETs to surgery, in
particular in cases of advanced stages of cancer, is justified for
improving quality of life and due to the present technical quality of the
professional veterinarians available for these interventions (ESTRALIOTO; DE CONTI,
2019).
Carcinoma is a
critical pathology that evolves very rapidly in most observed cases.
Willingness to submit affected PETs to surgery as fast as possible thus arises
(ESTRALIOTO; DE CONTI, 2019).
Castration, among
other objectives, also serves to reduce the probability of animals to develop
cancer. Castration is thus recommended for tutors not wishing that their PETs
reproduce, due to this beneficial side effect (DIAS et al., 2016).
This academic report
describes a presently common procedure in veterinary science. The animal
patient was affected by a rapidly developing mammary carcinoma. A mastectomy
became necessary and urgent, while castration was highly recommended by all
professionals consulted. The animal was
thus submitted to partial mastectomy and castration.
2 Methodology
The
present report is based on procedures followed in a specialized clinic, under
the guidance and survey of duly qualified professionals, in
order to guarantee success for the canine patient. Our aim is to produce
a pedagogical account for students in veterinary sciences (GIL, 2008).
3 Academic surgical report
Name of
surgery: Partial bilateral mastectomy + castration.
The
present case involves a female pit-bull ten years old, that presented a cranial
and caudal abdominal increase of the mammary glands. The animal was submitted
to a surgical procedure for the extraction of the affected mammary mass, ovary,
and uterus. For pre-anesthesia, intravenous fentanyl + ketamine was used,
followed by intravenous propofol. The anesthetized animal was monitored for
respiration, palpebral reflex, and centralization of ocular globe, during the
entire operative procedure.
Trichotomy
was made with a shaving machine and a shaving blade. The intravenous propofol
was used to intubate the animal through anesthesia with isofuran,
fentanyl and ketamine, applied continuously with a syringe pump. With the animal
in sternal decubitus, epidural anesthesia was achieved with lidocaine. The animal was then placed in dorsal
decubitus in order to sterilize the region in three steps.
1.Gauze
was used to spread degarmant PVPI over the entire
region; 2. Alcohol was used to remove the degarmant
PVPI; 3. PVPI 10% was applied.
During
operation, an incision was made with a scalpel through the subcutaneous tissue
of the inguinal mamma and extending to the caudal mamma. With the help of a
pair of scissors the subcutaneous and abdominal fascia of tissues were
widespread and the blood vessels were located and then clamped to void
bleeding. These vessels were later bonded with catgut line 1-0 or
electro-coagulated.
The
procedure was continued backwards to the thoracic caudal mamma, where it was
possible to remove the conspicuous masses. During the same procedure, an ovariosalpinx-hysterectomy was possible. As the superficial
layers were already widespread, the linea alba was
located and an incision was made with the help of a scalpel. By opening the
abdominal region, the right uterine cone is located and exposed. An orifice was
made on the large caudal ligament, the ovary pedicle was pinched, and a
resorbable thread was used to bind the organ with the help of another clamp.
The uterine cone was incised between the clamp and the ligature. After ensuring
that no bleeding was present, the proximal clamp was removed. The same
procedure was followed on the left side. Tissues were pulled gently with the
hand in order to better expose the cervix and to remove the entire organ. The
cervix was then sewn.
For the
suture of muscles, nylon thread 0 was used. Sutures were made X-shaped. The
abdominal space was compressed and two drains were inserted where the two sides
of the X incisions meet. For binding of the skin, nylon thread 0 was also used
and the so-called Wolff suture was interrupted.
No
anesthesia complications occurred, but some bleeding spots were detected and
promptly occluded. After surgery, daily asepsis of the entire abdominal region
was maintained. The animal patient remained interned for observation. The dog
reacted well from the first day onwards, resumed feeding, and responded
following the expected pattern.
4 Discussion
There are many surgical techniques aimed to save animal patients, to
provide cures for common maladies, and to provide a better quality of life for
the affected patients (QUEIROZ et al., 2013).
Synchronicity of actions among veterinarians during operation is
notorious, accounting for the large number of successful interventions (LOPES;
LIEBSCH; LEAL, 2021). Preparation of the operating surroundings in
order to avoid or reduce contamination is essential. Such precautions are often
stressed as responsible for positive outcomes (LOPES; LIEBSCH;
LEAL, 2021).
The suitability of the clinic and the integrity of all its components
are also incontestable factors for the development and improvement of surgical
actions. Constant updates and frequent participation in courses for the
administrative agents, employees, and veterinarians are necessary complementary
actions (LOPES; LIEBSCH; LEAL, 2021).
For a more effective and consistent academic formation, reports such as
this should represent the basis for the continuous reevaluation of surgical
acts, techniques, actions and reactions of the animal patient, and interactions
among all members involved in surgical events. Such attitudes should enhance
individual and collective improvement necessary for the best results, and
especially for the wellbeing of our animal patients.
5 Conclusions
Good preparation, relevant anamnesis, perfect interaction among
veterinary doctors and all members of the team participating in a surgery and, last but not least, a good interaction with the animal
tutor, represent positive triggers for high-quality surgeries with excellent
results.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank ASSVET for their collaboration and
ceded space, permitting the elaboration of this article. Thanks are extended to
veterinarians “Dr. Everaldo
Zacarias (surgeon); Dra. Rafaela Medeiros (surgeon); Dr.
Ricardo Torres (anesthetist)”.
CREDIT AUTHORSHIP
CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
GDD, through her actions and research,
carried out the practice and writing of the article. GDF, having the experience
and practice of specialized surgical and pedagogical action, he carried out the
methodology and writing of the article, together with the review of the data
used. MLC, based on experience and accuracy in the English language, was
responsible for the translation.
DECLARATION OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they are not subject
to any type of conflict of interest with the participants or any other
collaborator, directly or indirectly.
FUNDING SOURCE
This article had no financial contribution to
its development.
REFERENCES
DIAS, M.L.M.; ANDRADE, J.M.L.; CASTRO, M.B.; GALERA, P.D. Survival
analysis of female dogs with mammary tumors after mastectomy: epidemiological, clinical and morphological aspects. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira (Brazilian
Journal of Veterinary Research), Rio
de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 3, p. 181-186, 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2016000300006.
ESTRALIOTO, B.L.C.T.; DE CONTI, J.B. Câncer de mama em cadelas – atualidades do diagnóstico
e prognóstico ao tratamento cirúrgico. Enciclopédia Biosfera, Jandaia, v.
16, n. 29, p. 444-463, 2019. Available from: https://conhecer.org.br/ojs/index.php/biosfera/article/view/194.
Accessed on: 30 apr. 2022.
GIL, A.C. Métodos e
técnicas de pesquisa social. 6. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008.
Available from:
https://ayanrafael.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/gil-a-c-mc3a9todos-e-tc3a9cnicas-de-pesquisa-social.pdf.
Accessed on: 30 apr. 2022.
LOPES, P.F.; LIEBSCH, F.; LEAL, L.M. Complicações tardias pós-castração com uso de fio de
algodão – relato de caso. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do
Conhecimento, São Paulo, v. 6, n. 11, p. 120-132. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/veterinaria/complicacoes-tardias.
QUEIROZ, R.A.; ALMEIDA, E.L.; SANTOS, M.R.; CAVALCANTI,
L.E.S. Mastectomia parcial ou radical como
tratamento de neoplasia mamária em cadelas e gatas atendidas no hospital
veterinário. In: JORNADA DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO (JEPEX), 13., 2013,
Recife. Anais […]. Recife: Universidade
Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. 3 p. Available from:
http://www.eventosufrpe.com.br/2013/cd/resumos/R0732-1.pdf. Accessed on: 20 dec. 2021.